
Terminal Velocity
Team Member's Roles:
Project Manager: Jasmit, Parmveer, Parth
Project Documenters: Parth, Jasmit, Parmveer
Project Webmaster: Parth
Project Facilitator: Jasmit, Parth, Parmveer
Project Timekeepers: Gurjot, Parmveer
Learn To Fly in Free-Fall-Dr. Sukhdev Bhatia, Woodz Co. CEO


When a person releases an object it falls down, the reason why this happens is because of gravity. Gravity is the force that attracts an object towards the center of the Earth, or towards anything else that contains mass, the gravity on the Earth is 9.807 m/s^2 (gravity, 2014). As the objects falls, it will encounter air resistance, the faster the object falls, the more air resistance it will confront. Air resistance is a frictional force that acts on the object as it moves through the air, it is noticeable when the object is in high speed (forces, 2015). As the object is falling, it will reach a balance between the forces of gravity and air resistance, this means that the object cannot accelerate any further and this is known as terminal velocity (terminal velocity, 2015). In this lab, coffee filters are released 2 m from above, the mass of the coffee filter is 9.9 x 10^-4 Kg.
Since we are going to be performing a plethora of dangerous stunts for the Woodz Co. It is essential that we develop an understanding of terminal velocity.
What we already know is that the terminal velocity of an object is the highest velocity at which it can travel in free-fall. Therefore, to prepare for our next mission for Woodz Co. we will be looking at coffee filters in free-fall. We are going to be examining what happens to the coffee filters as more mass gets added on; that is to say, when more filters are stacked up together.
Being the extremely intelligent group of individuals that we are, we hypothesize that as the mass increases, so will the terminal velocity; furthermore, if time is the same throughout each free-fall, then, the heavier objects will reach terminal velocity faster.
The purpose of this lab is how does the terminal speed of the object in free-fall depend on the mass of an object.
If the number of coffee filters stacked together increases, then the coffee filter’s terminal speed increases because the increase in its mass, making the coffee filter fall faster.
Independent variable: time
Dependent variable: position (The height at where the coffee fileters are being dropped from)
Controlled variable: height from where the coffee filter was released (200 cm); (100cm: 1m)
Materials:
-
14 Coffee Filters
-
Video Camera
-
a stool
-
Metre Stick
-
Tape
Procedure:
-
Materials were gathered.
-
Went outside and found a coloured door (red) that does not blend in with the coffee filter.
-
Used stool borrowed from Dr. Dougie Fresh, stool was used in future steps of this procedure.
-
Used the meter stick to fix the height to 2 m [used stool to reach hard places].
-
Used tape to indicate where 2 meters was on coloured door (from the tape to ground) [used stool to reach hard places].
-
Taped meter stick parallel to the door, in order for “video tracker” software to recognize the fixed units for the future video recordings [used stool to reach hard places].
-
Used another stool out it in front and way from the door.
-
Video camera was used, it was placed on stool and perpendicular to door.
-
1 person was standing on stool near door, held filter paper(s) near 2 m tape.
-
Other person was ready to record experiment with video camera.
-
[Trial 1: (1 paper filter dropped from 2 m) x repeated/video recorded 8 times]
-
[Trial 2: (4 paper filters dropped from 2 m) x repeated/video recorded 8 times]
-
[Trial 3: (7 paper filters dropped from 2 m) x repeated/video recorded 8 times]
-
[Trial 4: (10 paper filters dropped from 2 m) x repeated/video recorded 8 times]
-
[Trial 5: (13 paper filters dropped from 2 m) x repeated/video recorded 8 times]
-
Videos were imported to “video tracker” software for creating graphs and data.




Observations:
The following results were observed and recorded. It was observed that as the mass increased, the coffee filters fell down faster
Click slides to enlarge.

The Tracker software, provided by Woodz Co was used to analyze the motion of the coffee filters in each trial. Working with Woodz Co, we had to be precise so we has 8. 1 coffee filter was used.



The Tracker software, provided by Woodz Co was used to analyze the motion of the coffee filters in each trial. Working with Woodz Co, we had to be precise so we has 8. 1 coffee filter was used.

For this trial, 3 coffee filters were added; therefore, a total of four were being dropped. Note: These trials were performed by a dyslexic assassin.



For this trial, 3 coffee filters were added; therefore, a total of four were being dropped. Note: These trials were performed by a dyslexic assassin.

The Tracker software was used analyze the motion of the coffee filters. The mass was increased by 3 to have a total of 7 coffee filters.



The Tracker software was used analyze the motion of the coffee filters. The mass was increased by 3 to have a total of 7 coffee filters.

Our mass was increased by 3 again in this trial; therefore, we had a total of 10 coffee filters.



Our mass was increased by 3 again in this trial; therefore, we had a total of 10 coffee filters.

In the final trial, we added 3 more coffee filters to have a total of 13.



In the final trial, we added 3 more coffee filters to have a total of 13.
Conclusion :
After completing all the trials, we calculated the relationship between the mass of an object and its terminal velocity. It was observed that the relationship was proportional; that is to say, that as the mass increased, so did the terminal velocity.
Analysis:

The purpose of this lab was to measure how mass affects the terminal velocity of an object. Prior to carrying out the procedure, it was hypothesized that as mass increased, terminal velocity would increase. In order to increase the mass of the coffee filters, more were stacked together, specifically, 3 additional filters per trial. In addition, it would take less time to reach terminal velocity as mass increased. In this lab, coffee filters of different masses were dropped and in order to analyze them, Woodz Co. provided us with the Tracker software. In order to keep our results consistent, the displacement, or height in this case, was kept at a constant two meters. In trial 1, the Syndicate was limited to one coffee filter. The results of trial 1 show that it took an average of 2.55 seconds for the coffee filter to reach the ground. Furthermore, the average terminal velocity of the singular coffee filter in trial 1 was 96.7825 cm/s in the downward direction.
In trial 2, there was a change in average terminal velocity and average time; the terminal velocity increased; whereas the time it took for the coffee filter to reach the ground decreased. It took the coffee filter an average of 1.41 seconds to reach the ground and its terminal velocity was 171.0125 cm/s in the downward direction.
The same trend continued for the 3rd and 4th trials. The time it took them to reach the ground decreased and their terminal velocities increased. This is evident because in trial 3, it took an average of 1.15 s to reach the ground and the coffee filters were travelling at an average velocity of 171.4338 cm/s down. Trial 4 took 0.90 s to reach the floor and it had an average terminal velocity of 212.7463 cm/s down. Although the direct moment of terminal velocity was not measured for each mass, with the data given by the first four results, we can say that since it took each ascending mass less time to reach the ground, they reached their terminal velocity faster.
The idea of terminal velocity is related to the acceleration an object experiences due to gravity. Since an object is in free-fall when it is reaching its terminal velocity, the only acceleration acting on it is the planetary acceleration of gravity. In the case of the Syndicate, 9.8 m/s^2, the acceleration of gravity in the downwards direction on Earth. Terminal velocity is reached when an object in free-fall can no longer accelerate; thus, it is moving in a constant velocity and as a result, has a net force of zero. In order to explain our results, we can use the concept of gravity, it is known that the force of gravity is dependent on mass and planetary acceleration due to gravity; (FG)=mass(m)*acceleration due to gravity (g). Therefore, since g remains constant, the force of gravity would increase because the object has more mass and since there is more force acting on the object, it would reach terminal velocity faster and also, have a higher terminal velocity.
Despite the recent success of the Syndicate, errors did occur in the lab. First, the time it took for the trial 5 mass to reach the ground was more than the time it took the trial 4 mass to reach the ground. It took the trial 5 mass 0.91 seconds and it took the trial 4 mass 0.90 seconds to reach the ground. It is predicted that this error was an incomplete definition. It is possible that the group members held the coffee filter higher than the defined 2m mark and as a result, the 5th trial fell slower. That is extremely unlikely because the Syndicate are not amateurs, we are a group of elites who work with utmost diligence and integrity. We put our best efforts into everything that we do because working with Woodz Co. if you’re not giving your best, you might as well take a rest. The more likely cause is an instrumental error. Since 13 coffee filters were used in trial 5, it is to be noted that while falling, they could have fallen out of their stacks and as a result, decreased their mass which in turn would cause them to have a slower terminal velocity and as a result, they would reach the terminal velocity later.
Another error that the syndicate feels was a problem was that the use of coffee filters was not precise enough. There was a drag force present when the coffee filters were being dropped because it was observed that the coffee filters did not fall straight down, as is the case usually with free-fall motion; while falling, the coffee filters sometimes moved either to the right or the left because of the drag force. One way to improve this is to use heavier objects, such as small weights, when working with free-fall and also, if heavier objects are used, displacement should also be increased. In this experiment, the Syndicate learned an extremely important lesson that may have been what Woodz Co. wanted us to learn in addition to free-fall motion. The Syndicate learned that all objects have different terminal velocities. This is an application which is used in the astronomical field; however, more importantly, now we have to worry about how Woodz Co. is going to make us apply that in our missions. Maybe they will make us measure terminal velocity of an object going through water because when an object goes through water, it reaches a constant terminal velocity rather quickly. (IOP Institute of Physics)
Reflection:
Group Reflection:
This operation was very interesting, the group applied their knowledge of gravitational force, terminal speed, the Tracker software and planetary acceleration in order to analyze data as training for Woodz Co. This lab experience was different from what was expected because one of our team mates was absent: Gurjot, but the rest of the group manage to collect the rest of the data. Everybody did almost did equal amounts of work, however because of Gurjot's absence on a crucial day, he did not meet up to expectations. The data collection was rushed because we did not have enough time; however, when working for Woodz Co, one has to learn how to deal with a shortage of time. In order to collect all the data, we gave up our personal time. Without Gurjot, the group finished trials 3, 4 and 5, with Gurjot, the group worked on collecting data for trial 1 and 2. Everyone in the group worked on making the graphs, well, everyone except for Gurjot. Working on the graphs was a simple task; yet, it was very time consuming, something the group underestimated. Since Gurjot didn’t work on the graph, he worked on polishing the website. Parth and Jasmit worked on designing the website. To sum it up, Jasmit, Parth and Parmveer did equal amount of work, but Gurjot did slightly less work.
This task was disorganized. Sukhdev K. Bhatia of Woodz Co told us that we should "Learn to fly in free-fall." At first, we did not know what that meant; however, now we understand, this task was extremely stressful because of time constraints; as a result, we became disorganized which in turn, caused disunity. In free-fall, people are constantly falling, we were in somewhat of a free-fall in this task and now that we understand what Dr. Bhatia told us, we know that in order to avoid disunity and a sub-par result, we should always stay united and instead of falling to defeat, we should work hard and fly.
Jasmit's Reflection:
In this task, we got too cocky and we learned from Woodz Co. exactly where that will get us. At first, we thought this task would take no time; however, we were wrong. There were many little things that we had to do in order to create the perfect report. Although we started out organized, the organization was not constant as an important member of the Syndicate was absent during two of our meets. This put a void in our system because we had time constraints and needed this member. However, because of the heroic effort put in by the other three, the project was safe and we did manage to get some of the project done within the time limit. Although we could not finish in time, we learned an important lesson; always compensate for an absence. Thinking that an absence would not make a difference is something Woodz Co. has taught us as wrong. An absence will always be a nuisance but it is how one deals with the absence that shapes them for greatness. Next time, I, personally as an alumnus of Woodz Co. would start completing the project early. Finally, I would suggest that our group learn to work more independently instead of being so dependent on collaboration. This project was all about collaboration; myself as the project facilitator did everything cohesively, I wish I had started on my own so I could have had more time to develop the best report to impress Woodz Co.
Parmveer's Reflection:
This assignment was a tough case. With our previous case we got it easy and that got to our brains. When the assignment was presented by leader we thought it will be easy and nothing to worry about until the time comes. As time goes on we worked on the case approaching it with a simple brain, but a simple brain can't do much. As we realized that our assignment is not easy as we thought, we made a new plan, a more strategic plan. We all started working as a single unit. Day 1, I was away because of a secret assignment relating to Woodz Co's vs the Bondarzilas, but my group did not slow down they continued with the mission. They started their first trial with one coffee filter and doing 8 runs to get all the information needed. Trial 2 was also started on day one but was not finished. Day 2, we faced the assignment hard with only three of us getting together during our break. We finished all the trials and started one the paper work, but another problem was encountered. The problem was that we didn't know what to do. With our teamwork and critical thinking we overcame this problem and moved on. The project managers did all the graphing and most of the lab. Sadly one the of Syndicates member was not found and no source of communication could be reached with that member. We assumed that the Bondarzilas had taken him but in truth he was injured. With our motivation, teamwork, critical thinking, creative thinking and the will of completing the mission we succeeded the assignment. We learned that when having a bad start it is not too late to do good, ups and downs come by very often by leave them behind and look towards the future and hope for the best.
Gurjot's Reflection:
I was not here on the final day, so I was not able to collect all the data with my group. To help my group, I worked on the parts of the lab: introduction, materials, procedure and group reflection. I have also helped my group with trial 1 and 2. Overall, I did slightly less work compared to the rest of the group members, but I did what I can in order to help them as much I can.
Parth's Reflection:
In this project I was the Project Manager, Webmaster, Facilitator & Documenter. The reason why I have many roles in this project is because of the absence of a very important member of our Team. Besides me there were two other Project Managers. I was responsible for dividing the work fairly so that everyone has a chance to do something and be an asset to this team. As a documenter, I analyzed the Trial 4 & Trial 5. I used the Tracker Software to analyze the free-falling object (Coffee Filters) and record the data. As the project Facilitator, I helped members understand their respective learning processes. For example, a member of our Team didn’t know how find the Average Velocity from each runs and I assisted him in finding the Average Velocity. Finally, as the Webmaster, I was responsible for all the technical aspect of the website. For example, Website Maintenance, Troubleshooting & improving the overall look of the website so that the viewers can easily navigate through the website. I was also accountable for uploading the operation report of Operation Terminal Velocity. We all were faced with many challenges in this Operation but we managed to pull the operation.
Sources Provided by Woodz Co.
Falling through water. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2015, from http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/practical-physics/falling-through-water